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DREaM accurately reproduces a wide range of theoretical and observational trends, including stellar mass functions (SMFs), and the CSFRD. This work presents the Deep Realistic Extragalactic Model (DREaM), a model for generating synthetic galaxies out to redshifts past the EoR. To make accurate predictions, the quality and complexity of synthetic observations needs to increase with expanding theoretical and observational knowledge. In particular, synthetic galaxy catalogs are useful for predicting the science returns of an upcoming survey, to test analysis tools, and identify potential observational biases (e.g., Williams et al. This survey would elucidate the properties of the dominant ionizing sources at the time of reionization, allow tests for variations in the high- z faint-end slope of the UVLF with environment, and likely provide the first galaxy clustering constraints at early times for faint galaxies.Ī prerequisite to understanding in detail what a Roman UDF will be able to detect is accurate modeling of the expected observations. ( 2019), a potential Roman ultra-deep field (UDF) survey could cover ∼1 deg 2 and image to m AB ∼ 30 in ∼600 hr of exposure time per filter. This large area will increase the number of detected galaxies, discover bright and rare sources, reduce cosmic variance, and probe the environment around galaxies and active galactic nuclei (AGNs) at unprecedented redshifts. The main advantage of Roman compared to other space telescopes is its wide field of view (FOV) the Roman Wide-Field Instrument (WFI) FOV is more than 100x larger than Hubble Space Telescope's (HST's) Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) and JWST's NIRCam. Given that Roman is scheduled to launch in a few years, the purpose of this paper is to examine the science returns of an ultra-deep survey with Roman. Upcoming telescopes, including James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Nancy Grace Roman Telescope (Roman) will produce a large influx of data in the coming years that will greatly advance our understanding of galaxy evolution in the epoch of reionization (EoR). 2021), and the exact timeline and mechanism of cosmic reionization (e.g., Bunker et al. However, there are still many open questions at these high redshifts including the emergence of quiescent galaxies (QGs), the evolution of the UV luminosity function (UVLF e.g., Bouwens et al. 2017) have detected galaxies to magnitudes m AB ∼ 30 and have begun to measure galaxy properties out to redshifts of z ∼ 10. 2006) and Hubble Frontier Fields (HFFs e.g., Lotz et al. Observing high-redshift galaxies, to study galaxy formation and their role in reionization, requires very deep imaging.Įxtragalactic ultra-deep surveys such as the Hubble Ultra-Deep Field (e.g., Beckwith et al. If galaxies dominate the contribution of photoionizing radiation, the cosmic star formation rate density (CSFRD) provides a measure of the photoionizing rate. 2015), indicate that reionization happens between z = 6 and z = 9. 2020) and quasar absorption lines (e.g., Becker et al. Constraints from a variety of probes, including the cosmic microwave background (CMB e.g., Planck Collaboration et al. Galaxies eventually produce enough radiation to ionize the intergalactic medium (IGM)-an epoch called reionization (for a review, see Robertson et al. Galaxies first form within the gravitational potential wells of dark matter halos, and continue to grow through the accretion of surrounding matter. The basic picture of galaxy formation is well established. Our synthetic catalogs and simulated images are made publicly available to provide the community with a tool to prepare for upcoming data. We find that a Roman UDF to ∼30 m AB will potentially detect more than 10 6 M UV 7, offering an unparalleled data set for constraining galaxy properties during the EoR. We use DREaM to explore the science returns of a 1 deg 2 Roman ultra-deep field (UDF), and to provide a resource for optimizing ultra-deep survey designs. The resulting synthetic catalog extends to redshifts z ∼ 12, and galaxy masses covering an area of 1 deg 2 on the sky. Our model combines dark matter simulations, subhalo abundance matching and empirical models, and includes galaxy positions, morphologies, and spectral energy distributions.
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In this work, we present the Deep Realistic Extragalactic Model (DREaM) for creating synthetic galaxy catalogs. In the next decade, deep galaxy surveys from telescopes such as the James Webb Space Telescope and Roman Space Telescope will provide transformational data sets that will greatly enhance the understanding of galaxy formation during the epoch of reionization (EoR).